{"id":16140,"date":"2018-04-05T02:56:06","date_gmt":"2018-04-05T00:56:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/?p=16140\/"},"modified":"2018-04-05T02:56:06","modified_gmt":"2018-04-05T00:56:06","slug":"a-cartografia-ao-servizo-da-depredacion-i-oscar-r-carreiro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/a-cartografia-ao-servizo-da-depredacion-i-oscar-r-carreiro\/","title":{"rendered":"A CARTOGRAF\u00cdA AO SERVIZO DA DEPREDACI\u00d3N (I). \u00d3scar R. Carreiro"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#e2e2e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1200px + 0px );margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #428fc9;\">A CARTOGRAF\u00cdA AO SERVIZO DA DEPREDACI\u00d3N<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><h4 style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #428fc9;\"><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00d3scar R. Carreiro &#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#ffe500;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 0px;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0px;margin-left : 0px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0px;margin-left : 0px;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 A trav\u00e9s da educaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica ensin\u00f3usenos a pensar que os mapas, incluidos os mapas pol\u00edticos, son unha forma obxectiva de representaci\u00f3n da realidade f\u00edsica baseada en m\u00e9todos cient\u00edficos neutros. Con todo, o certo \u00e9 que os mapas foron, en realidade, tanto unha ferramenta de depredaci\u00f3n como unha das formas a trav\u00e9s das cales os Estados intentaron representar a s\u00faa existencia como unha entidade inequ\u00edvoca e obxectiva para xustificar e lexitimar os seus actos de depredaci\u00f3n. Os mapas axudaron a crear e naturalizar unha identidade entre o pobo, o territorio e o Estado, por medio da cal o espacio se convertiu en propiedade nacional.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 In-Chul Jung afirma que o poder soberano sobre o territorio dos Estados Modernos exerceuse coa axuda de mapas. Estes representaban a autoridade do Estado de moitos xeitos, implicando o poder pol\u00edtico sobre o territorio. O mapa e o poder estaban mutuamente implicados o un no outro.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[ii]<\/a> Ao mesmo tempo que os Estados absolutistas empez\u00e1banse a desenvolver (cara ao final da Idade Media) e consolid\u00e1banse (durante o Renacemento) os mapas convert\u00e9ronse nun importante instrumento para desenvolver o poder estatal. Foron utilizados con prop\u00f3sitos militares, para po\u00f1er en marcha obras p\u00fablicas e para fortalecer a conciencia natural do Estado.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[iii]<\/a> As\u00ed, a cartograf\u00eda desenvolveuse no s\u00e9culo XV, xunto con outros novos instrumentos do Estado, como unha ferramenta esencial do goberno que tivo un importante papel na administraci\u00f3n, cobro de impostos, xesti\u00f3n xur\u00eddica e defensa. Nas pol\u00edticas gobernamentais e no vocabulario pol\u00edtico apareceu unha nova \u201cconciencia de mapa\u201d,<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[iv]<\/a> na que os mapas utiliz\u00e1banse nunha relaci\u00f3n directa con novas \u201cdoutrinas do poder estatal e coa invenci\u00f3n cartogr\u00e1fica do Estado-naci\u00f3n\u201d.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[v]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 Os mapas foron, segundo Jung, \u201cun importante instrumento para a construci\u00f3n do Estado\u201d.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[vi]<\/a> Shapiro, coincide con Jung, e afirma que a cartograf\u00eda foi un dos primeiros x\u00e9neros de construci\u00f3n do Estado-naci\u00f3n.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[vii]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 O uso dos mapas como linguaxe inequ\u00edvoca da representaci\u00f3n estatal sup\u00f3n o equivalente do uso de ilustraci\u00f3ns no desenvolvemento tecnol\u00f3xico. John Pickles destaca a capacidade que ti\u00f1an os mapas de proxectar a idea dunha existencia inequ\u00edvoca:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">A raz\u00f3n cartogr\u00e1fica parece ser unha forza tan poderosa nos s\u00e9culos XVI e XVII que veu significar a m\u00e1is importante forma da raz\u00f3n. <em>Debuxar mapas era pensar<\/em>.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[viii]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 Grazas a esta forma inequ\u00edvoca de representaci\u00f3n, pod\u00edase xustificar a existencia obxectiva e verdadeira dunha identidade nacional da que o Estado era expresi\u00f3n. Por exemplo, segundo Richard L. Kagan e Benjamin Schmidt, os mapas foron utilizados na produci\u00f3n (<em>fashioning<\/em>) da identidade inglesa e na presentaci\u00f3n de argumentos nacionais ou protonacionales:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Os mapas foron usados pola corte inglesa como un potente artiluxio para modelar identidades e enunciar ambici\u00f3ns nacionais.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[ix]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 Kagan e Schmidt chaman a isto as \u201ccartograf\u00edas constructivas\u201d: esforzos por constru\u00edr un caso para as aspiraci\u00f3ns nacionais, a expansi\u00f3n imperial, a ortodoxia relixiosa ou a oposici\u00f3n pol\u00edtica por medio do uso de mapas e doutras formas xeogr\u00e1ficas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 A forma moderna do Estado-naci\u00f3n consistiu no establecemento de fronteiras claramente delimitadas que se asociaron con marcadores territoriais en lugar de din\u00e1sticos. A partir do Renacemento, a xeopol\u00edtica inscrita nos mapas polos cart\u00f3grafos europeos empezou a reflectir unha disminuci\u00f3n da importancia de emperadores e monarcas. No caso de Inglaterra, por exemplo, o espazo nos mapas oficiais previamente asignado a \u201cinsignias do poder real\u201d decreceu mentres que os mapas foron enfatizando cada vez m\u00e1is os marcadores da configuraci\u00f3n da terra e as fronteiras do territorio nacional. Como di G. Poggi:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">No curso do desenvolvemento do Estado moderno, a relaci\u00f3n [entre o Estado e o territorio] deixa de pensarse como de propiedade: como suxire un xurista italiano, o Estado non ten un territorio, \u00e9 un territorio.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[x]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 Cara ao s\u00e9culo XVII a sucesi\u00f3n de imaxes nos mapas reflicte unha secuencia hist\u00f3rica que vai da Cristiandade Universal, ao Estado din\u00e1stico, \u00e1 naci\u00f3n centrada no territorio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 A cartograf\u00eda do Estado apareceu en conxunci\u00f3n co desenvolvemento de novas noci\u00f3ns do espazo de goberno, especialmente co concepto da soberan\u00eda territorial: a idea do Estado como unha unidade xeopol\u00edtica definida e delimitada con precisi\u00f3n.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[xi]<\/a> A importante implicaci\u00f3n desta doutrina para as fronteiras era que ti\u00f1an que ser necesariamente exclusivas. A natureza absoluta da autoridade polo poder soberano sobre o territorio e sobre os individuos negaba expl\u00edcitamente a posibilidade de interpretaci\u00f3n de xurisdicci\u00f3ns ao estilo medieval, no que reis, se\u00f1ores e clero ti\u00f1an autoridade aut\u00f3noma sobre o mesmo territorio.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[xii]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">\u00a0 No s\u00e9culo XVI, a idea da soberan\u00eda territorial, especialmente aplicada \u00e1s fronteiras, empezou a filtrarse no l\u00e9xico pol\u00edtico. Aconsell\u00e1base aos gobernantes a pensar territorialmente, a co\u00f1ecer os seus reinos para defendelos mellor e para expandilos. A educaci\u00f3n dos gobernantes empezou a inclu\u00edr unha instruci\u00f3n regular en xeograf\u00eda.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[xiii]<\/a> A idea dunha autoridade pol\u00edtica definida exclusivamente por territorios con fronteiras li\u00f1ais empezou a afirmarse como un concepto estruturador para a organizaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica. As discusi\u00f3ns e negociaci\u00f3ns internacionais desenvolv\u00e9ronse cada vez m\u00e1is en termos cartogr\u00e1ficos, usando mapas. As complexas estruturas de autoridade medievais deixaron de formar parte da conversaci\u00f3n.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[xiv]<\/a> Os novos e m\u00e1is precisos mapas contribu\u00edron a consolidar a soberan\u00eda territorial ao establecer os l\u00edmites entre Estados. O establecemento de fronteiras firmes foi da man de Estados m\u00e1is activos e de crecentes burocracias estatais que buscaban co\u00f1ecer onde exactamente pod\u00edan impo\u00f1er as s\u00faas demandas de recursos e onde deb\u00edan establecer a primeira li\u00f1a de defensa.<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[xv]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 0px;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0px;margin-left : 0px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0px;margin-left : 0px;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#ffeb3b;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> Ana Mar\u00eda Alonso, \u201cThe Politics of Space, Time and Substance: State Formation, Nationalism and Ethnicity\u201d, <em>Annual Review of Anthropology<\/em>, 23 (1994): 381.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a> In-Chul Jung, \u201cDevelopment of Cartography and State-building in France from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century\u201d, <em>Journal of the Korean Geographical Society<\/em>, 41, 5 (2006): 545.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a> Jung, \u201cDevelopment of Cartography and State-building\u201d, p. 546.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[iv]<\/a> Richard L. Kagan y Benjamin Schmidt, \u201cMaps and the Early Modern State: Official Cartography\u201d, en <em>The History of Cartography<\/em>. <em>Volumen 3.Cartography in the European Renaissance<\/em>, ed. David Woodward (Chicago y Londres: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 669.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[v]<\/a> \u201c[\u2026] doctrines of state power and the cartographic invention of the nation-state\u201d. Kagan y Schmidt. \u201cMaps and the Early Modern State\u201d, p. 679.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[vi]<\/a> \u201cMaps are an important instrument for the state building\u201d. Jung, \u201cDevelopment of Cartography and State-building\u201d, p. 546.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[vii]<\/a> \u201cMap making has been [\u2026] one of the early genres of state nation building\u201d. Michael J. Shapiro, \u201cNation-states\u201d en <em>A Companion to Political Geography<\/em>, ed. John Agnew, Katharyne Mitchell y Gerard Toal (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 279.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[viii]<\/a> \u201cCartographic reason seems to have been so powerful a force in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that it came to signify the most important forms of reason. <em>To map was to think<\/em>\u201d. Jordan Branch, \u201cMapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change\u201d, <em>International Organization<\/em>, 65 (Invierno 2011): 8.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[ix]<\/a> \u201cMaps were used by the English court as a potent device to shape identities and enunciate national ambitions\u201d. Kagan y Schmidt, \u201cMaps and the Early Modern State\u201d, p. 669.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[x]<\/a> \u201cIn the course of development of the modern state, the relationship ceases to be thought of as one of ownership: as an Italian jurist suggests, the state does not have a territory, it is a territory\u201d, citado por Rhys Jones, <em>People. States. Territories. The Political Geographies of British State Transformation<\/em> (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), p. 26.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[xi]<\/a> Kagan y Schmidt, \u201cMaps and the Early Modern State\u201d, p. 662.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[xii]<\/a> Malcom Anderson, <em>Frontiers. Territory and State Formation in the Modern World<\/em> (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1966), p. 19.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[xiii]<\/a> Kagan y Schmidt, \u201cMaps and the Early Modern State\u201d, p. 664.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[xiv]<\/a> Branch, \u201cMapping the Sovereign State\u201d, p. 18.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[xv]<\/a> Jung, \u201cDevelopment of Cartography and State-building\u201d, p. 557.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 0px;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0px;margin-left : 0px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0px;margin-left : 0px;}}<\/style><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-artigos-cy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16140"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16140\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16142,"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16140\/revisions\/16142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xoandelugo.org\/cy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}